- Participants who underwent both forms of RSA (MemIndRSA) had higher memory confidence than the IndRSA and noRSA groups. 
- MemRSA and MemIndRSA reduced misinformation susceptibility by similar amounts
- Combining independence and memory protocols was more effective than independence alone

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- People who underwent MemRSA ranked their memory confidence has higher than those who have not done MemRSA
- MemRSA participants were less susceptible to the misinformation effect (did not rely on external sources for information)

MemRSA and the Misinformation Effect

- IndRSA did not increase memory confidence significantly
- But, IndRSA did lead to less endorsement of misinformation

IndRSA and the Misinformation Effect

Szpitalak, M. & Polczyk, R. (2019). Inducing resistance to the misinformation
effect by means of reinforced self-affirmation: The importance of positive feedback. PLoS ONE 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210987

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