Relative mobility is the difference in mobility between children from high earning households and children from low earning households. Relative mobility asks, "what are the outcomes of children from low-income families relative to those of children from high income families?" 

Relative Mobility

Absolute mobility determines whether children earn the same (adjusted) income that their parents did at the same age. Absolute mobility asks, "what are the incomes of families from a given income level in absolute terms?" 

Absolute Mobility

In economics, intergenerational mobility is the degree to which a child’s social and economic opportunities depend on their parents’ income or social status. There are two forms of Intergenerational Mobility: 
- Relative Mobility
- Absolute Mobility


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Development economics is a subfield of economics that studies developing nations and seeks to improve the economic and social conditions therein.

Development Economics

Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Kline, P., & Saez, E. (2014). Where is the land of opportunity? The geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(4), 1553-1623.

Where is the land of opportunity? The geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States.

Communities that are attempting to better themselves will suffer the consequences of this increase in crime due to pollution. Examples include countries in the developing world that are growing and expanding (and with that comes increases in pollution), as well as communities in developed countries that are exposed to pollution. Socioeconomically underserved communities will suffer the most from this.

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