Lee et al. (2023) found that in individuals with BPD, impulsivity often operates in a continuous, reciprocal cycle within an invalidating environment. In their study, BPD participants with higher impulsivity scores also reported highly invalidating home environments, as measured by the Invalidating Childhood Environment Scale. These environments often resemble frustration-laden or extreme authoritative parenting styles, where low self-control triggers harsh punishment, which in turn fuels further impulsivity.