Robert Williams was among those who called out racial bias in Arthur Jensen's results regarding ethnic differences in intelligence.

Robert Williams' Criticism of Jensen's Research

Arthur Jensen's most controversial conclusion regarding his two-level theory of intelligence was that Level II intelligence is prevalent among Asian people, then White people, then Black people.

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In Arthur Jensen's two-level theory of intelligence, Level II is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities. According to his findings, Level II abilities exhibited differences among ethnic groups.

Level II Intelligence

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

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