Joseph Wolpe was a psychologist who, in 1958, refined the exposure therapy techniques pioneered by Mary Cover Jones. His work led to the development of systematic desensitization, a method for treating phobias and anxiety disorders.

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Developed by Joseph Wolpe in 1958 as a refinement of earlier techniques, systematic desensitization is a form of exposure therapy that pairs graduated exposure to a feared stimulus with relaxation techniques. The process involves creating a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations and teaching the client relaxation methods. The client then confronts the stimuli, starting with the least frightening, while in a relaxed state. The therapy is based on the principle that an individual cannot be anxious and relaxed simultaneously, aiming to replace the fear response with a relaxation response.

Systematic Desensitization

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Joseph Wolpe

A fear hierarchy is a list of situations or behaviors related to a phobia, ranked from least to most anxiety-inducing. This tool is used in graded exposure and systematic desensitization. For a person with arachnophobia (fear of spiders), a sample hierarchy with corresponding fear ratings could be:

*   **Look at a photo of a spider:** Fear Rating 15
*   **Look at a real spider through clear glass:** Fear Rating 35
*   **Hold a box that contains a spider:** Fear Rating 55
*   **Watch a spider crawl across the floor:** Fear Rating 65
*   **Watch a spider crawl across your desk:** Fear Rating 75
*   **Hold a spider with gloved hands:** Fear Rating 90
*   **Hold a spider with bare hands:** Fear Rating 100

The accompanying image of a person holding a large spider on their bare arm represents the final and most challenging step in this hierarchy.

Example of a Fear Hierarchy for Arachnophobia

This example illustrates the application of systematic desensitization for a person named Jayden with a severe phobia of elevators. A behavior therapist guides Jayden through the process, which begins with creating a fear hierarchy that ranks elevator-related situations from mildly anxiety-inducing to panic-provoking. The therapist then teaches Jayden progressive relaxation techniques to achieve a deep state of calm. The core of the therapy involves Jayden, while relaxed, imagining the least threatening situation from his hierarchy. If he feels anxiety, he signals the therapist, who then guides him back to a state of relaxation before repeating the scenario. This process is continued until he can imagine the situation without fear. This method is applied sequentially for every item in the hierarchy. Once Jayden is desensitized to all imagined scenarios, the therapy transitions to real-world practice, where he gradually confronts the actual situations, starting from pressing the elevator button to eventually riding it to his 29th-floor office, with the goal of eliminating his anxiety response entirely.

Example of Systematic Desensitization for Elevator Phobia

A therapist is treating a client with an intense fear of flying. The therapist helps the client construct a list of anxiety-provoking situations, from looking at a picture of a plane (rated 10/100 for anxiety) to taking a transatlantic flight (rated 100/100). The therapist then immediately asks the client to imagine the transatlantic flight while practicing deep breathing exercises. What is the most significant procedural error in this therapeutic approach?

Based on a therapeutic approach that combines gradual exposure to a feared stimulus with relaxation techniques, what would be the most appropriate *initial* steps a therapist would take with Maria before any direct exposure to dogs begins? Explain your reasoning.

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