The knee-jerk reflex is a spinal reflex where a sensory message triggers an automatic reflex action via the spinal cord without requiring input from the brain.

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Spinal reflexes are automatic reflex actions initiated by the spinal cord without input from the brain, saving critical seconds in matters of survival.

Spinal Reflexes

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

The withdrawal reflex is a spinal reflex that involves withdrawing a body part from a painful or hot stimulus immediately and automatically without brain involvement.

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