Label usage should reflect the most important data insights in a chart. Axis labels should be used as needed, and in consistent ways across a UI. Their presence should not inhibit reading the chart.

Axis labels

Bar charts should start at a baseline (the starting value on the y-axis) of zero.
Starting at a baseline that isn’t zero can cause the data to be perceived incorrectly.

Bar Chart Baseline

Text labels should be placed horizontally on the chart so that they are easy to read.

Text labels should not:

- Be rotated
- Stacked vertically

Text Orientation in Bar Charts 

Labeled axes in a chart indicate the scale and scope of the displayed data. For example, line charts display a range of values along both horizontal and vertical labeled axes to provide context for the data points.

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Data visualizations use custom styles and shapes to make data easier to understand at a glance, in ways that suit the user’s needs and context.

Charts can benefit from customizing the following:

- Graphical elements
- Typography
- Iconography
- Axes and labels
- Legends and annotations

Style in Data Visualization 


Visual encoding is the process of translating data into visual form. Unique graphical attributes can be applied to both quantitative data (such as temperature, price, or speed) and qualitative data (such as categories, flavors, or expressions).

These attributes include:

- Shape
- Color
- Size
- Area
- Volume
- Length
- Angle
- Position
- Direction
- Density

Styling Different Types of Data

Multiple visual treatments can be applied to more than one aspect of a data point. 
- For example, a bar color can represent a category
- Bar’s length can express a value (like population size)

Expressing Multiple Attributes in Data

Charts can use shapes to display data in a range of ways.
-  A shape can be styled as playful and curvilinear, or precise and high-fidelity, among other ways in between.

Shape in Data


Color can be used to differentiate chart data in four primary ways:

- Distinguishing categories from one another
- Representing quantity
- Highlighting specific data
- Expressing meaning

Color in Data 

Iconography can represent different types of data in a chart and improve a chart’s overall usability.

Iconography can be used for:

- Categorical data to different groups or categories
- UI controls and actions, such as filter, zoom, save, and download
- States, such as errors, no data, completed states, and danger
- When placing icons in a chart, it’s recommended to use universally recognizable symbols, particularly when representing actions or states, such as: save, download, completed, error, and danger.

Iconography in Data

Chart lines can express qualities about data, such as hierarchy, highlights, and comparisons but line styles can be styled in different ways, such as using dashes or varied opacities.

Lines can be applied to specific elements, including:

- Annotations
- Forecasting elements
- Comparative tools
- Confidence intervals
- Anomalies

Line and Chart Lines in Data 

Legends and annotations describe a chart’s information. 

Annotations should highlight:
- Data points
- Data outliers
- Noteworthy content

Legends and Annotation

Charts displayed on wearables (or other small screens) should be a simplified version of the mobile or desktop chart. Careful to not make it scrollable.

Small Displays in Charts 

Data Visualization References 

Labeled Axes in Data Visualization

In data visualization, typography is used to label various chart elements, including chart titles, data labels, axis labels, and legends. Text styling establishes a visual hierarchy; typically, the chart title holds the highest level of hierarchy, while axis labels and legends have the lowest.

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