A study of more than 10,000 middle-aged civil servants in London, tracked for an average of 12.5 years, revealed a strong link between negative affectivity and heart problems. Individuals who scored in the top third on a negative affectivity test were 32% more likely to experience heart disease, a heart attack, or angina than those who scored in the bottom third.

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Negative affectivity is the tendency to experience distressing emotional states, including anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness. This disposition has been identified as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disorders, with research linking it to the development of both hypertension and heart disease.

Negative Affectivity as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

A longitudinal study that followed over 3,000 healthy individuals for up to 22 years found a significant correlation between negative affectivity and cardiovascular health. Participants who initially reported higher levels of negative affectivity were considerably more likely to develop and require treatment for hypertension over the course of the study compared to those with lower levels.

Longitudinal Study on Negative Affectivity and Hypertension

London Civil Servants Study on Negative Affectivity and Heart Disease

A 50-year-old office manager is described by colleagues as constantly worried, easily irritated, and prone to expressing frustration and anger over minor setbacks. Despite maintaining a balanced diet and a regular exercise routine, a recent check-up revealed the onset of hypertension (high blood pressure). Based on this information, identify the psychological disposition that most likely represents a significant risk factor for this individual's developing cardiovascular condition, and explain your reasoning.

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