- Recognizing a need for information
- Accepting the challenge to take action to fulfill the need
- Formulating the problem
- Expressing the information need in a search system
- Examination of the results
- Reformulation of the problem and its expression
- Use of the results

Indiana University

Many definitions of the information-seeking process assume an interaction cycle that begins with identifying a need for information, then moves on to query specification, examination of retrieval results, and, if necessary, query reformulation, with the cycle repeating until a satisfactory result set is found

The Standard Models of Information Seeking

Hearst, M. A. (2009). Search user interfaces. Cambridge University Press. [https://searchuserinterfaces.com/book/]

Search User Interfaces

- Problem identification,
- Articulation of information need(s),
- Query formulation, and
- Results evaluation.

Four main activities is elaborated by Sutcliffe and Ennis, 1998

Marchionini and White, 2008's description of the information-seeking process

- Query Formulation
- Action (running the query)
- Review of Results
- Refinement

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