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To prevent group means from obscuring divergent individual responses, group researchers employ several strategies to observe effects at the individual level. They visually examine the distribution of individual scores, such as using histograms to detect bimodal distributions. Additionally, researchers utilize within-subjects designs to track how specific treatments affect each individual participant across conditions, and they use factorial designs to determine if an independent variable's effect differs systematically across distinct subgroups of participants (e.g., introverts versus extraverts).

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