Goffman considers civil inattention as the social norm of showing a certain degree of indifference to strangers, which functions as a quiet but effective privacy-preserving mechanism. "In performing this courtesy, the eyes of the looker may pass over the eyes of the other, but no ‘recognition' is typically allowed."

Civil Inattention

The medical gaze invalidates bodies that differ from the norm by stressing the need for correction or concealment. The invalidation of impaired bodies and the struggle to establish ‘credibility’ undermine how disabled people feel about their attractiveness, desirability, and possibilities for intimate partnerships.

University of North Texas

This study explores ​​how young Indian women with visible physical impairments in India’s metropolitan cities construct beauty, experience embodiment, and, most importantly, how they challenge received views on physical attractiveness. 

‘Disabled and beautiful’: young women’s negotiations of beauty and body ideals

Dhillon, M., & Kumar, A. (2026). ‘Disabled and beautiful’: young women’s negotiations of beauty and body ideals. Disability & Society

Although both men and women face appearance-related pressures, these pressures are more heavily directed towards women in private and public spaces. The authors argue that while grooming is beneficial for men, it is imperative for women, allowing greater access to labour market rewards. 

Gender Differences

Franzoi’s Body Conceptualization theory has identified two processes through which people may experience their bodies- either as objects of aesthetic evaluation or as dynamic processes in which functionality takes precedence over aesthetics.

Body Conceptualization

Medical Gaze

Conceptions of disability and the experiences of embodiment are influenced by culture. In India, a deeply religious country, views on bodily or intellectual differences are shaped by Hindu philosophy and mythology.

Culture in India

Body functionality encompasses everything the body can do, including internal processes, actions, communication, and self-care. Functionality is an emerging positive body image construct because focusing on it can help women value their bodies for more than their appearance. 

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