When reconstructing memories, we sometimes modify our original memories based on what is expected. After reading a sentence, we often imply things that are not explicitly stated in the sentence.

Pragmatic inferences

Where a memory came from can be mixed up (misidentified; misattributed). For example someone can remember hearing about an event from the news when they actually heard it from a friend.

Source-monitoring error (source misattribution)

Misleading information that is presented to someone after witnessing event can change how they recall and explain that event. One common explanation is retroactive interference (new learning interfering with old memory/understanding)

Misinformation  Effect Paradigm

- Source-monitoring error (source misattribution)
- Pragmatic inferences
- Misinformation effect

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Brain damage
- Evolution (errors seen in the general population)

Causes of memory errors and impairment

Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.


Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience

- Category-specific memory impairment
- Semantic dementia

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