434 New York City residents were selected from New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center or Allen Hospital. The variables collected included:

Building-Level Variables

• number of residential units per building
• mean assessed value (per square foot)

Neighborhood-Level Variables

• median household income
• poverty rate
• unemployment rate
• population density
• household membership (persons per household)
• household crowding (percentage of households with >1 person per room).

Neighborhood was defined using New York City neighborhood tabulation areas, which divide the city into 195 districts, with at least 15 000 residents each.