Microglia: the resident immune cells, can induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines to induce inflammation of the central nervous system. Microglia play an important function in pruning synapses by monitoring hte development and maturation of synapses. They can be activated by ATP released from astrocytes in order to cause neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may cause increased transcription of monoamine oxidase. 

University of Illinois at Chicago

Recently, emotions have been linked to monoamine neurotransmitters ("new three-dimensional model"), which proposed that there are three core neurotransmitters that mediate emotions. These neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, work together to form different emotions. The serotonin system (5-HT) is related to punishment (sadness/disgust), the dopamine system (DA) regulates reward (feelings of joy/happiness), and noradrenaline (NE) regulates fear/anger as well as the "fight or flight" response. 

Monoamine neurotransmitters and how they mediate three important effects

Jiang, Y., Zou, D., Li, Y., Gu, S., Dong, J., Ma, X., Xu, S., Wang, F., & Huang, J. H. (2022, September 28). Monoamine neurotransmitters control basic emotions and affect major depressive disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9611768/#:~:text=The%20dopamine%20(DA)%20system%20is,flight”%20behavior%20during%20stressful%20events. 

Monoamine neurotransmitters control basic emotions and affect major depressive disorders

Many studies have found that stress can affect inflammation in Major Depressive Disorder. It has also been found that anger can induce cortisol while fear can cytokine while decreasing cortisol. This suggests that anger may trigger adaptive and mobilize energy while fear also promotes withdrawal. A lack of anger may be a cause for depression correlated inflammation. Stress related emotions may have an effect on monoamine oxidase activity and activate the primary microglia of the immune cell.

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