- In all but one study. most of the participating children were African American (Exception: Houston Parent Child Development Center)
- All but one program included boys and girls ( Exception: Harlem Training Project)
- All but two studies did not select participants based on IQ
- Average level of mother's education was under 12 years in all studies

Arizona State University

These 15 Model ECCE programs were generally of higher quality than public programs. They tend to have higher qualified staff, closer supervision, lower child-staff ratio, and smaller group sizes. They varied in services offered. Most offered home visits and tons of other parent support and developmental programs. 

Model Programs 


  W. Steven Barnett. (1995). Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Cognitive and School Outcomes. The Future of Children, 5(3), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602366


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