- Decrease in thymus size
- Increase in Th2 cytokines

University of California, Santa Cruz

Proper nutrition is essential for the body to fight off viral infections. Lack of proper nutrition can not only decrease the immune system's ability to fend off infection, but also increase the likelihood of other comorbidities that increase the fatality of COVID-19.

The effects of malnutrition on fighting COVID-19

Hakeem, R., & Sheikh, M. A. (2020). Beyond transmission: Dire need for integration of nutrition interventions in COVID-19 pandemic-response strategies in Developing Countries like Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4). doi:10.12669/pjms.36.covid19-s4.2784

Beyond transmission: Dire need for integration of nutrition interventions in COVID-19 pandemic-response strategies in Developing Countries like Pakistan

- Decrease in effector T-cells
-Increased apoptosis in lymphocytes
-  Decrease of B-cells in blood
- Decrease in vaccination titre response

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