In his theory, Moore describes an inverse relationship between these factors in which an increase in one can lead to a decrease in the others. For example, the quality of dialogue and learner autonomy can decrease if a course is too rigid. This increases perceptions of transactional distance for students. However, when a course lacks a certain amount of structure, the perception of transactional distance can also increase as a result of student confusion.

The Relationship Between Moore's Factors of Transactional Distance

Structure refers to the extent to which a course is rigid or flexible. This can include the teaching model used, assessments, whether or not the objectives of the course are explained, and the course’s ability to accommodate to student needs.

Michigan State University

Moore’s Theory of Transactional Distance states the separation between student and teacher in distance learning can lead to gaps in communication and creates room for misunderstandings. Moore says 3 factors need to be accounted for in the transaction between student and teacher:

•	Dialogue

•	Structure

•	Learner autonomy


Moore's Transactional Distance Factors

Garry Falloon (2011) Making the Connection, Journal of Research on
Technology in Education, 43:3, 187-209, DOI: 10.1080/15391523.2011.10782569

Making the Connection Reference

Within the context of educational targets, dialogue accounts for all interaction. Moore explains the quality of dialogue can be effective when solving learning issues that arise for the distanced students.

Moore's Dialogue Factor

Moore's Structure Factor

Learner autonomy relates to the student’s perception of independence and interdependence within the course. This relates to a student’s feelings of self-direction and determination. Learner autonomy is affected both by dialogue, course flexibility or rigidity, as well as the control students have over learning procedures.

Moore's Learner Autonomy Factor

Previous studies have indicated the use of synchronous tools in distance learning can reduce isolation, promote communication, and encourage participation within the class. In “Making the Connection,” the Adobe Connect virtual classroom is applied to online postgraduate teacher education courses. The researchers used Moore’s Theory of Transactional Distance to examine the impact the virtual classroom had on learner autonomy and dialogue as described in Moore’s theory.

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