- acknowledging and doing something about the differences amongst social groups
- the differences are important because people have different experiences and perspectives 
- previous research has shown that is better 
- Associated with “an increased sense of agency, self-confidence, and engagement”
- Helps to improve “URM students’ psychological experiences and engagement-related outcomes”
- in the study, operationalized as “only by learning about people with different backgrounds and viewpoints can we challenge our assumptions, test our ideas, and broaden our understanding of the world.”

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

This study examined the difference in effect of colorblind and multiculturalism ideologies 

Diversity ideologies 

Birnbaum, H. J., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S., & Hamedani, M. G. (2020). A diversity ideology intervention: Multiculturalism reduces the racial achievement gap. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1948550620938227.

multiculturalism ideology 

- differences between groups should be ignored-if we ignore them, then we cannot exercise biases against them 
- Operationalized by emphasizing individualism (judging people based on their own personal achievement) and the commonalities amongst individuals (the social group should be ignored because everyone is basically the same)
- in the study, operationalized as “only by learning about the unique perspectives and qualities of each and every individual community member can we challenge our assumptions, test our ideas, and broaden our understanding of the world.”

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