-The hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system that is responsible for "fight or flight" mechanisms.

-The sympathetic nervous system response includes the adrenal medulla, which releases the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

-The alarm reaction also includes the hypothalamus activating the adrenal cortex to release adrenal steroids such as cortisol.

Alarm Reaction 

The alarm reaction consists of the hypothalamus activating multiple brain regions as an initial response to stress.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

New York University

- The stress response
- Individual differences in stress responses

Stress and Body Responses

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

Multiple Stages of the Stress Response

- stress immunization
- epigenetic regulation

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