Certain strains of *Escherichia coli* in the gut have a mutualistic relationship with humans. The bacteria obtain nutrients from intestinal contents, and in return, they provide humans with essential vitamins, particularly vitamin K, which is required for the synthesis of blood clotting factors.

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Mutualism, also known as syntropy or crossfeeding, is a symbiotic relationship in which two different species interact and both species obtain a benefit.

Mutualism 

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Mutualism with humans and *Escherichia coli*

Humans share a mutualistic relationship with the gut bacterium *Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron*. The bacterium digests complex plant polysaccharides that human digestive enzymes cannot decompose, converting them into monosaccharides that human cells can absorb.

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