There is one article that looks at addressing the difference in academic performance between domestic and international students and ways to mitigate the gap. Given that international students face the problem of trying to adjust to a new location with a different language and culture, their academic performance compared to domestic students is likely to suffer. This study proposes that a collaborative, blended learning approach may diminish this performance gap between domestic and international students.

Domestic and International Students- Research Study Summary

One research study was interested in looking at the differences that exist between domestic and international students regarding college readiness and how well they are prepared for higher education. It specifically noted that comparing the domestic and international students could not be done by simply comparing foreign-born students with American-born students. There were specific subgroups in each category based on the background of the student that needed to be considered when studying these differences in college readiness. 

College Readiness for Domestic and International Students

There is one article that looks at the experience of international students in the United States, focusing on their struggles and the challenges they face  academically and socially as international students. The focus on the psychological and emotional impacts as a reason for their relative academic struggles is unique to this study, which explains why this study recommends an increased emphasis on bridging the cultural gaps between schools and international students to make sure they can excel in challenging, unfamiliar environments as well.

Students of Different Minds: Bridging the Gaps of
International Students Studying in the US

Persistent and significant gaps in academic performance and/or educational attainment between domestic and international students. 

San Jose State University

- Race
- Gender
- Income
- Language
- Disability
- Parent Education Level
- Nationality
- Technology
- Traditional
- Cultural differences
- The Impact of Coronavirus

Types of Achievement Gaps in Education

Achievement Gap Definition (2013, Dec. 19). The Glossary of Education Reform. https://www.edglossary.org/achievement-gap/

Achievement Gap Definition

Persistent and significant gaps in academic performance and/or educational attainment between white and minority students.

Race Achievement Gap

Persistent and significant gaps in academic performance and/or educational attainment between high- and low-income students.

Income Achievement Gap

Persistent and significant gaps in academic performance and/or educational attainment between non-disabled and disabled students.

Disability Achievement Gap

Persistent and significant gaps in academic performance and/or educational attainment between students with parents with high educational attainment and students with parents with low educational attainment. 

Parent Education Level Achievement Gap

Nationality Achievement Gap

-  1) Which variables should we use in our analysis? Why?
-  2) What types of achievement gap can we study? Why?
-  3) How should we define each type of achievement gap based on the available data and how it's defined in the literature?
-  4) Why does it matter to study the effect of the pandemic on that achievement gap? and what do you hypothesize of the effect of the pandemic on that achievement gap? Why? Please find and cite supporting literature.

Time to Innovate: Discussion and Ideas for the Achievement Gap Research Question

This paper compares students who are considered traditional against nontraditional students in terms of academic success. The summary and results note that nontraditional students tend to struggle with their GPA and completion of college, especially if they represent more aspects that are considered against the norm of the college student population.  

Traditional vs Nontraditional Students

Persistent and significant gaps in academic performance and/or educational attainment between male and female students.

Gender Gap in Education

Difference of students' performances from different culture.

Cultural differences achievement gap

Persistent and significant gaps in academic performance and/or educational attainment between native English-speaking students and ESL/ELL students.

Language Gap in Education

- Discuss  the differences in educational achievement levels between African Americans, Afro-Caribbean, and African students within the USA
- Cultural differences and parental involvement factors as the potential reasons

Cultural, Ethnic Differences, Parental Involvem Differences, and Educational Achievement of African Heritage Students: Towards Employing a Culturally Sensitive Curriculum in K-12 Classrooms,
a Literature Review

- Academics
- Achievement Gap
- Nutritional Health

The Impact of Coronavirus

- Social identity threat is a process that occurs when a person’s view of themselves is at threat due to being a member of a group that is marginalized in the context they find themselves in. The context is key as a group may be marginalized in one context but not in another.
- Demographic composition is especially important for marginalized groups as a low number of members of their group can signal social identity threat.
- Schools are a place where social identity threat is likely to emerge, especially if there is a preconceived notion of race and achievement. 
- Social identity threat has been shown to affect students’ performance as seen through stereotype threat (a subset of social identity threat).

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