In CNN-based style transfer, a synthesized image is initially created, often by copying the content image, and serves as the only variable updated during training. A pretrained deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is employed to extract hierarchical image features, while its own model parameters remain frozen. Specific layers within this deep CNN are selected such that some output the content features and others output the style features, which collectively guide the transformation of the synthesized image.

CNN-Based Style Transfer Method

Neural style transfer generates a new image by combining the content of one image with the style of another image. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

1- Image classification

2- Image localization

3- Object detection

4- Neural style transfer

Types of Computer Vision Problems

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Note: The content of the book is aligned with the Coursera Deeplearning.ai specialization.  https://www.deeplearning.ai/deep-learning-specialization/ 

Machine Learning Yearning (Deeplearning.ai)

Computer task is to predict the binary label of an image. 

For example, is this an image of cat or not (y=0 or y=1)

Image Recognition (Classification) in Computer Vision

In this task, there are multiple objects in an image. The computer should detect objects classes and their locations.



Object Detection in Computer Vision

Neural Style Transfer in Computer Vision

In this task, the computer should detect the location of the object as well and draw a bounding box around it.

Image Localization in Computer Vision

In autonomous applications such as robotics or vehicles using a camera to track where the camera are is in space can be a good localization estimate. The idea is to analyze sequential frames in a video and compare the movement of certain features in the image between them. Once the correlations are found either a Kalman filter or a 3D mapping can be found depending on the type of data available. Visual odometry can be a highly accurate measure of position but it's often used in sync with other localization and mapping techniques.


Visual Odometry

Camera's are a projection of the 3D world onto 2D a image but once you have the image how can you go back to 3D? This problem is know as reconstructing a 3D image and the most popular method is using stereo vision which is acquiring multiple angles of similar images. By aligning similar features in each image in 2D, 3D geometric information can be extracted in the form of depth maps.

3D Reconstruction

Facial landmarks are used to localize eyes, nose, mouth, jaw, eyebrows, and the face as a whole. They are an important input to many computer vision problems such as facial recognition, driver attention tracking, gaze tracking, etc. The most accurate methods are generally using neural networks trained on datasets such as 300-W, AFLW, WFLW, etc.

Facial Landmark Detection

Optical Flow is the tracking of the motion of objects between two consecutive frames of a video. It relies on pixel intensities between frames being similar and neighboring pixels having similar motion. This allows it to be a fast implementation and useful for applications such as structure from motion, video stabilization, and video compression.

Optical Flow

Image segmentation is a computer vision task that divides an image into multiple constituent regions by utilizing the correlation between pixels. This approach does not require pixel-level label information during the training phase. Consequently, it cannot guarantee that the resulting segmented regions will map to specific, predefined semantic categories during prediction. For example, it might divide an image of a dog into a dark region covering the face and a light region covering the body, rather than identifying the entire object as a single semantic entity.

Image Segmentation

Instance segmentation, also known as simultaneous detection and segmentation, is a computer vision task focused on recognizing the pixel-level regions of each individual object instance within an image. It differs from semantic segmentation by requiring the model to distinguish not only between different semantic classes but also between distinct occurrences of the same class. For example, if an image contains multiple dogs, the task requires determining exactly which pixels belong to each individual dog.

Instance Segmentation

Semantic segmentation is a computer vision task focused on recognizing and understanding the contents of an image at a granular, pixel level. It operates by dividing the entire input image into distinct regions, assigning every individual pixel to a specific, predefined semantic class (such as a car, pedestrian, or background).

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