 Findings from neurobiological studies point towards abnormalities in the HPA axis, the endogenous opioid system, as well as the neural processing of emotionally, socially, or physically adverse stimuli. 

State University of New York at Buffalo

- Demographic Factors
- Social Factors
- Media Influence
- Adverse Childhood Events
- Neurobiological Factors

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescent: Risk Factors

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury most commonly occurs in early to mid-adolescence and commonly ceases in young adulthood. Adolescence is a vulnerable phase for developing NSSI, as elevated levels of impulsivity and emotional reactivity are present due to brain developmental processes. Apart from age, female gender has been identified as a risk factor for NSSI. Regarding cognitive factors, in a study including 4810 adolescents aged 16 to 17 years, higher IQ was associated with a higher risk of engaging in NSSI.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescent: Risk Factors: Demographic Factors

HIgh NSSI content display in media. 
The online activity regarding NSSI can be viewed as beneficial (e.g., decreasing social isolation, receiving encouragement for recovery, reducing urges to self-injure) or potentially harmful (e.g., triggering urges to self-injure, social reinforcement of NSSI)
Future research will have to explore which measures need to be taken in order to use the beneficial potential of online resources while restricting harmful consequences.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescent: Risk Factors: Media Influence

 Such as only child emotional abuse remained significantly associated with NSSI. Also, strong association of increased parental critique or parental apathy has been shown repeatedly.


Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescent: Risk Factors: Adverse Childhood Events

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescent: Risk Factors: Neurobiological Factors


- Surgical Treatment
- Psychotherapy
- Treatment with Psychiatric Medication

So far, there is no sufficient evidence for pharmacological treatments for NSSI in adolescents.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescent: Therapy for NSSI in Adolescence

- Dysfunctional relationships
 
- Social contagion & Media exposure

- The sexuality of a person 

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