The nuclear lamina is a structural lining or layer located just inside the eukaryotic nuclear envelope that is formed by a meshwork of intermediate filaments and determines the overall shape of the cell nucleus.

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The nuclear membrane, or nuclear envelope, is a double membrane consisting of two contiguous lipid bilayers. Despite their physical connections, each membrane maintains unique lipids and proteins on its respective inner and outer surfaces.

Nuclear Membrane

Intermediate filaments are diverse, relatively permanent cytoskeletal fibers with a diameter of $${}10\text{ nm}$$ (thicker than actin but thinner than microtubules) that are composed of multiple strands of polymerized subunits and function to maintain the position of the nucleus, form the nuclear lamina, and anchor cells together in animal tissues.

Intermediate Filaments

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Nuclear pores are large, rosette-shaped protein complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope that control the transport of molecules into and out of the nucleus.

Nuclear Pores

Nuclear Lamina

Desmosomes are specialized cell junctions in animal tissues that connect neighboring cells and help them withstand external physical forces, using the intermediate filament protein desmin.

Desmosomes

Desmin is a specific type of intermediate filament protein found within desmosomes that functions to link muscle cells together and help them resist external mechanical stress.

Desmin

Keratin is a structural intermediate filament protein found in hair, skin, and nails.

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