- Overall:
- Convert AMP and GMP to Xanthine
- Eliminate Xanthine as Urate
- AMP Specific Process


Purine Catabolism Strategy

Nucleotide catabolism is the stepwise breakdown of nucleotides, carried out by three major classes of enzymes:
- Nucleotidases: remove a phosphate group, converting a nucleotide to a nucleoside.
- Nucleoside phosphorylases: cleave the nucleoside into a free base and ribose-1-phosphate.
- Phosphoribomutase (isomerization): convert ribose-1-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate.
The free base can be salvaged or further degraded, while ribose-5-phosphate is recycled to synthesize new nucleotides.

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Nucleotide function

1. Precursors for nucleic acid synthesis: DNA, RNA

2. ATP is the prime energy source for biologic processes, GTP is sometimes used
Molecular motors, active transport of solutes across membranes

3. Nucleotides can activate biomolecules for synthetic reactions: 
 - UTP activating glucose, CTP activating alcohol head groups
 - ATP activation in several reactions

4. Nucleotides and derivatives are important parts of many second messenger systems (Cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP )

5. ATP is a source of phosphate for kinase reactions

Seen in regulation
Glycogen synthesis and degradation
Glycolysis


Nucleotides

THE STRUCTURE OF NUCLEOSIDES
- Ribonucleoside - ribose sugar + base
- Deoxyribonucleoside - deoxyribose sugar + base
 >Adenosine is an example of a nucleoside
 >Deoxyadenosine is a deoxynucleoside

1. Sugar - can have ribose or deoxyribose
2. Nitrogenous bases:
>Purines: Adenine, Guanine
> Pyrimidines: Cytosine, uracil, thymine

Nucleotides are nucleotides plus 1, 2, or 3 phosphates


Nucleosides

- Salvage Pathway (uses recycled bases)
- De Novo Pathway (making bases)

Nucleotide Synthesis

Nucleotide Catabolism

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was discovered in 1985. It is technique usedin laboratories that allows for the synthesis of a lot of a specific fragment of DNA 

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