- Off-center bipolar cells are excited by glutamate
- Turning the light off in the center of the receptive field causes glutamate release from photoreceptors, and excites off-center bipolar cells
- Excitation causes glutamate release from bipolar cells
- Off-center ganglion cells are then excited and send signals to higher visual centers

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Light always hyper polarizes photoreceptors (rods and cones)
- Hyperpolarization causes the photoreceptors to release less glutamate
- Decreased glutamate release excites some retinal neurons and inhibits others

Excitatory and inhibitory feedback to retinal neurons

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

- On- center bipolar cells are Inhibited by glutamate
- Light in the center of their receptive field causes less glutamate release from photoreceptors—> light excites on-center bipolar cells
- Excitation causes glutamate release from bipolar cells
- On-center ganglion cells are then excited and send signals to higher visual centers

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