This type of bias is also known as "Confounded." It happens when good controls or confounders are not included in the regression model.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Recall bias
- Selection bias
- Collider bias
- Omitted variable bias

Types of Bias

Cinelli, Carlos, et al. “A Crash Course in Good and Bad Controls.” Technical Report -UCLA, 21 Mar. 2020.

https://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/pub/stat_ser/r493.pdf

A Crash Course in Good and Bad
Controls

Catalogue of Bias Collaboration, Nunan D, Bankhead C, Aronson JK. Selection bias. Catalogue Of Bias 2017: [www.catalogofbias.org/biases/selection-bias/](https://www.catalogofbias.org/biases/selection-bias/) 

Catalog of Bias

Recall bias is a error that occurs when participants do not remember previous events or experiences accurately or omit details: the accuracy and volume of memories may be influenced by subsequent events and experiences.

Recall Bias

When a single node is caused by two other nodes we encounter something called "collider-bias" where one condition explains-away another. 

Since A and C both effect the outcome of B, by conditioning on B, A and C become **dependent**.

$A \rightarrow B \leftarrow C$: The Collider

Omitted variable bias

Sampling bias is a systematic error that occurs when the method used to select participants results in a sample that fails to accurately represent the broader target population. Because the selected individuals differ in important ways from the overall group, any statistical findings derived from this unrepresentative sample will likely be inaccurate and cannot be safely generalized.

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