Types of reference services online include:
- online chat
- video chat
- e-mail
- websites
- answer archives
- subject guides
- FAQs
- virtual conferencing


San Jose State University

Reference services can take place: 
- in person at the library
- on the telephone
- online
- via SMS (text) messaging


Reference Services Channels in Libraries

Cassell, K. A., & Hiremath, U. (2009). Reference and information services in the 21st century: An introduction (2nd ed.). Neal-Schuman Publishers.

Reference and information services in the 21st century: An introduction

Yang, S. Q., & Dalai, H. A. (2015). Virtual reference: Where do academic libraries stand?. Computers In Libraries, 35(4), 4-10.

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