The hierarchy or tree structure is a common information organizing structure. The table-of-contents view, which is used in books and other information systems, is a basic version of the hierarchy. A table-of-contents format has been proposed by a number of research systems to aid in the structuring of search results.

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Using categories to sort, filter, and group search results, table-of-contents views, faceted navigation and search, and clustering are all covered in Integrating Navigation with Search, which concludes with the benefits of categories vs. clusters in search and browsing interfaces.

Integrating Navigation with Search

Hearst, M. A. (2009). Search user interfaces. Cambridge University Press. [https://searchuserinterfaces.com/book/]

Search User Interfaces

Many modern websites feature sophisticated, well-designed information structures that use categories to help users navigate the site and focus on the most relevant content.

Categories for Navigating and Narrowing

Categories can be used to sort search results and reordering results based on the values of one or more attributes and navigate content inside Web sites and grouping search results.

Categories for Sorting and Filtering Search Results

Organizing Search Results via Table-of-Contents Views

As the number of websites grew faster and search engines became more accurate, the value of general directories declined dramatically. This reduction is likely due to the directory Web sites' poor navigability and the improvement in web search ranking.

The Decline of Hierarchical Navigation of Web Content

Many Web sites' navigation structures have a flaw in that they do not integrate their browsing and searching functions.

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