The authoritarian parenting style is characterized by a high value placed on conformity and obedience. Parents adopting this style are typically strict, closely monitor their children, and express minimal warmth. They enforce rigid rules with an expectation of obedience, showing little flexibility, in contrast to the authoritative style. This approach can result in children who are anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy.

Authoritarian Parenting

The authoritative parenting style involves setting reasonable demands and consistent limits for children while also expressing warmth and affection. Parents using this style listen to their child's point of view, explain the reasons behind rules, and are flexible enough to make exceptions in certain situations. This approach balances structure with nurturing and responsiveness.

Authoritative Parenting

In the permissive parenting style, children have significant control, as parents make few demands and seldom use punishment. These parents are typically very nurturing and loving, often adopting the role of a friend rather than a traditional authority figure.

Permissive Parenting

There are a number of parenting styles that influence how a child’s characteristics are shaped. These parenting styles are often grouped into three categories: Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive parenting. Neglectful parenting is also a notable section. 

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A proper parent-child relationship is supposed to support the child physically and emotionally. When done effectively, children are more likely to succeed in school and be happier in life. Negative parent-child relationships harm the ability of a student to succeed in academic settings.

Parent-Child Relationships in Education 

American Psychological Association. (2017, June). Parenting Styles. American Psychological Association. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.apa.org/act/resources/fact-sheets/parenting-styles#:~:text=Authoritative,rules%2C%20discussing%2C%20and%20reasoning 

Parenting Styles

The PBI is a 25-item questionnaire, having 12 items measuring “care” and 13 items measure “overprotection”. The child takes this test, listing their own experiences with their parent(s). The responses are on a 4-point scale, ranging from 0 (very unlikely) to 3 (very likely). It focuses on a “Care versus Over-protection” style of parenting, as well as some parental support assessment. Based on responses, parents will be put into one of four categories: affectionate constraint, affectionless control, optimal parenting, and neglectful parenting. 

The Parental Bonding Instrument Test

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, unstructured play is considered an essential activity for a child's overall development. It serves as a foundation for building key skills such as creativity, problem-solving, and the ability to form social relationships.

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