Major depressive disorder is a type of depressive disorder characterized by distinct episodes involving deep sadness and a loss of interest or enjoyment in previously pleasurable activities, among other related symptoms.

Major Depressive Disorder

Schizophrenia is a severe psychological disorder that leads to a profound breakdown in an individual's ability to function, often necessitating hospitalization. It is characterized by significant disruptions in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior, including symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, incoherent thinking, bizarre actions, flat emotions, and a lack of motivation for basic activities. It is important to distinguish schizophrenia from dissociative identity disorder ('split personality'), as the term 'schizophrenia' refers to a 'splitting of psychic functions,' not a divided personality.

Schizophrenia

An uninterrupted illness featuring at some time a major depressive episode, manic episode, or mixed episode concurrently with characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior) and, in the same period, delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks in the absence of prominent mood symptoms. DSM–5 identifies the mood episodes only as either major depressive or manic and emphasizes that mood disturbances must be present for a majority of the time.

Schizoaffective Disorder

- 31 volunteer participants
- 18+ years old
- 51.6% women 
- 54.8% Caucasian; 35.5% African American
- Documented diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder and/or major depression


Saint Louis University

- Background
- Participants
- Measures Utilized
- Results & Conclusions
- What can be done?

Aspects of Healthy Eating & Mental Illness Study

Barre, L. K., Ferron, J. C., Davis, K. E., & Whitley, R. (2011). Healthy eating in persons with serious mental illnesses: Understanding and barriers. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 34(4), 304–310. https://doi.org/10.2975/34.4.2011.304.310

Healthy Eating in Persons with Serious Mental Illness

Individuals with serious mental illness die 25 years earlier than the general population often from cardiovascular disease caused by factors like:
- Side effects from 2nd generation antipsychotics 
- High rates of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, & dyslipidemia
- Poor nutrition habits 
- Lack of exercise 
- Smoking 

Those suffering from severe mental illness typically do not consume a healthy diet due to barriers such as:
- Increased appetite from psychiatric medications
- Convenience of unhealthy foods 
- Difficulties eating a healthy diet 

Researchers suggest that by changing individuals' dietary behaviors, they will be able to live longer and healthier lives. 

Background of Nutrition & Mental Illness Study 

The study itself was prospective and qualitative in nature. The researchers utilized semi-structured interviews which asked open-ended questions about participant's health habits and understanding of a healthy lifestyle. Then targeting questions were asked about: 
- Eating habits
- Conception of a healthy diet 
- Changing their eating behaviors
- Barriers to healthy eating 

Measures Utilized: Healthy Eating & Mental Illness 

- Understanding of a healthy diet 
- Internal barriers to healthy eating
- External barriers to healthy eating

Healthy Eating Study: Results & Conclusions


Participants in Healthy Eating Study

For those not yet ready to make changes, researchers suggest:
- Increasing personal risk perception
- Weighing the pros and cons of healthy eating 
- Increasing self-efficacy for dietary change 

For those ready to make changes, researchers suggest:
- Individualized education efforts including time and cost-effective planning and preparation of meals 
- Seeking nutrition advice from a dietitian 
- Getting social support from friends & family 

External Aid:
- Community mental health centers/group homes can provide healthy food, demonstrate healthy eating, and provide social support
- Clinical practitioners should empower clients to eat healthy, inquire about eating in response to emotions, and likewise take into account the impact of antipsychotic medication side effects on patients' eating behaviors

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