Stanford University

- There are 5 trajectories for peer victimization that best fit with students' experiences: high-chronic victims, early victims, moderate-emerging victims, low victims, and nonvictims.
- Students stayed in their same trajectory all throughout their time in school.
- For a large number of children, peer victimization was a consistent aspect of school for them as seen by the students classified as moderate-emerging and high-chronic victims.
- Moderate-emerging victims have peer victimization increase close to middle school. This might be why previous research claimed peer victimization peaked in middle school.

Peer Victimization Trajectories

Ladd, G. W., Ettekal, I., & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2017). Peer victimization trajectories from kindergarten through high school: Differential pathways for children’s school engagement and achievement? Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(6), 826–841. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000177

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