- Badges positively affect users' behavior in the carefulness of their performance by increasing attempts and submission rates.
- Leaderboards lead to better academic performance.

Rutgers University

- Performance
- Motivation
- Engagement
- Attitude Towards Gamification
- Collaboration
- Social Awareness
- Other Behavior Results

Effects of Game Elements on Behavior

Antonaci, A., Klemke, R., & Specht, M. (2019). The Effects of Gamification in Online Learning Environments: A Systematic Literature Review. Informatics, 6(3), 32.

The Effects of Gamification in Online Learning Environments: A Systematic Literature Review

Performance and Game Elements

- Badges motivate most participants in a study, but in the long term, participants become less motivated.
- Badges do not have a significant impact on intrinsic motivation.
- Personalized feedback to participants increase motivation.

Motivation and Game Elements

- Peer review increases engagement.
- Game elements with social aspects (ex: competition, feedback, ranking system) increase engagement.

Engagement and Game Elements

- Gamified groups do show positive responses and attitudes. 

Attitude Towards Gamification and Game Elements

- Gamified online discussions that allow participants to "like" or "unlike" comments and earn rewards for participating showed increased communication and collaboration.
- Dividing participants into gamified teams create competition and collaboration.

Collaboration and Game Elements

- Teams allow users to become aware of each other, and smaller teams make communication easier.
- Male vs. female leaderboards resulted in more social comparisons than stereotype threats.

Social Awareness and Game Elements

- Males are more influenced by game elements than females.
- In a part-time working population, game elements were more favorable by part-time female students.
- Extroverts prefer badges, rewards, and points, while introverts prefer offline leaderboards.

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