- Conduct autopsies of inmates and of living inmates and found certain body similarities between them all
- Atavism- genetics of a criminal are alike to previous generations more specifically the more violent primitive versions of man
- Women are less likely to be criminals and those who are criminals are alike to ment (the masculinity hypothesis)
- Also created categories of criminals

Cesare Lombroso Contributions to Positivism

- Biology is at least a partial factor in criminality whether its the independent variable or a co-factor

Modern Biological Theory Definition

- Use of the scientific method (This is why Criminology uses the scientific method when conducting research)
- People are not responsible for their action, biology forces are the main cause of crime

Ohio State University, Columbus

- Using the shape of the skull to determine if someone was or is a criminal and what their personality (the first one to tie the mind to the personality)

Phrenology (Precursor to Positivism)

Schmalleger, F. (2014). Criminology (The Justice Series). Criminology (2nd ed.). Pearson. https://archive.org/details/criminology0000schm. 

Criminology (The Justice Series)

Siegel, L. J. (2000). Criminology. Criminology: Siegel, Larry J: Free Download, Borrow. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. https://archive.org/details/criminology00sieg. 

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