- Participants in a voluntary smoking cessation program may be at a later stage of their quitting process than the average smoker
- African-Americans tend to smoke fewer cigarettes than the average smoker, and they make more quit attempts as well
- "false hope syndrome", or the belief that their failed quit attempt can be attributed to a correctable outside factor

Grand Valley State University

In a clinical trial of bupropion for smoking cessation among African-Americans, participants' motivation and self-efficacy levels were measured throughout the program. While successful quitters demonstrated higher self-efficacy than those who failed, participants whose quit attempts failed did not experience a significant decrease in self-efficacy. This suggests that unsuccessful quit attempts in smoking cessation programs may not necessarily diminish a smoker's self-efficacy.

Bupropion Trial and Self-Efficacy in African-Americans

Boardman, T., Catley, D., Mayo, M. S., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2005). Self-Efficacy and Motivation to Quit During Participation in a Smoking Cessation Program. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(4), 266-272.

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