Research showed that emotion suppression produces a paradoxical effect wherein the suppressed thought or emotion actually becomes more prominent and generates greater emotional and physiological distress and dyscontrol. Moreover, the inhibition of emotional expression may increase the likelihood of behavior problems, including aggression and health-risk behaviors.

How do socialized emotion regulation difficulties contribute to psychopathology in men?

Masculinity is "hard-won and easily lost," which exerts chronic stress on men.

Pepperdine University

The stress associated with violations of masculine norms, which have the potential to threaten men's masculine status, restricts their emotional expression and regulation.

The experiential factor of masculinity

Men and women have different stress resources and report different reactions to stress, both physically and mentally. 

Gender-related Stress

Berke, D. S., Reidy, D., & Zeichner, A. (2018). Masculinity, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: A critical review and integrated model. Clinical psychology review, 66, 106-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.01.004 

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