A term describing information which has little or no scientific and rational roundations. 

Pseudoscientific Information

A system of beliefs or practices is considered pseudoscientific if its supporters present it as scientific, yet it fails to incorporate one or more of the three fundamental features of science. Specifically, a pseudoscience may lack systematic empiricism by ignoring relevant scientific research, it may fail to create public knowledge by not publishing research for external evaluation, or it may propose claims that are not falsifiable and do not address empirical questions.

Characteristics of Pseudoscience

Studying pseudoscience is valuable for psychology students for three main reasons: it clarifies the fundamental features of actual science by providing a stark contrast, it equips students to evaluate and protect against widely promoted but potentially harmful practices (like relying on homeopathy for serious illnesses), and it helps students distinguish legitimate psychological science from 'pseudo-psychology' that falsely claims to explain human behavior and mental processes.

Reasons to Study Pseudoscience

The presentation of ideas or claims as scientific, without adherence to scientific methodology


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The study of organisms (i.e. microorganisms, plants, animals...)

Life Science / Biology

Shook, B., Nelson, K., Aguilera, K., & Braff, L. (2019). Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology. American Anthropological Association Arlington. 978-1-931303-62-0

Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology

- Anatomy
- Biology
- Biochemistry
- Biotechnology
- Botany
- Cellular biology
- Ecology
- Evolutionary biology
- Genetics
- Health Sciences
- Marine biology
- Microbiology
- Molecular biology
- Neuroscience
- Paleontology
- Phycology
- Physiology
- Taxonomy
- Virology
- Zoology

Branches of Life Science

- Genetics
- Cell theory
- Evolution
- Homeostasis

Foundations of Modern Biology

Life Science / Biology References

This is the hierarchy of living things and systems ordered by level of biologic complexity. There are several different lists used, usually differing in level of specificity.

Biological Organisation / Hierarchy of Life

The effect(s) that two organisms have on each other within a community.

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