For the purpose of the study, the difference between complaining and complaint can be articulated as: all complaints are complaining, but not all complaining are complaints.


Complaining vs. Complaints

 The theory states that social recognition is fundamental to human interactions and supports positive development and maintenance of self-identity (Robinson et al. Citation 2023). Honneth (Citation 1995) defines these modes of recognition as: (a) ‘love’ or care, which enables self-confidence; (b) ‘rights’, which enables self-respect; and (c) ‘solidarity’ or social esteem, which enables self-esteem.


Recognition Theory

The findings set up a conceptual understanding of complaining by people with cognitive disability. Understanding how people complain might make it easier for workers to notice and respond when people have a problem.


How is it helpful?

The study applied recognition theory to data from interviews using creative methods (photos and art) with 11 pairs of people (6 women 5 men) with support workers about their reactions to negative feeelings.


University of North Texas

Tomaszewski, P., Fisher, K. R., Robinson, S., & Ikäheimo, H. (2026). Rethinking how people with cognitive disability complain. Disability & Society, 41(2), 521–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2025.2536586 



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