Ambardar, Sheenie, and David Bienenfeld. “Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology.” Medscape Reference, 27 September 2023, https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1519417-overview?form=fpf#a5. Accessed 16 August 2024.

Boston College

•Present in 0.5% of the general U.S population

•Found in 2-16% of those seeking help from mental professionals

•Found in 20% of the military population, 17% of medical school first-year students, and 6% of the forensic population

•Manifests by early adulthood and may worsen in middle or old age

•More commonly found in males than females; of those diagnosed with NPD, 75% are male

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