Grimes, K. M., Ramani, S., Vojtila, L. V., Foussias, G., Remington, G., & Zakzanis, K. K. (2024). Neurocognitive performance and cognitive biases in young adults with schizotypal traits. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. https://doi-org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/23279095.2024.2381554


Neurocognitive Factors in SPD

Kendler, K. S., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2024). The genetic epidemiology of schizotypal personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 54(9), 2144–2151. https://doi-org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/10.1017/S0033291724000230


Epidemiology of SPD

Nielsen, K. D., Hovmand, O. R., Jørgensen, M. S., Meisner, M., & Arnfred, S. M. (2023). Psychotherapy for patients with schizotypal personality disorder: A scoping review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 30(6), 1264–1278. https://doi-org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/10.1002/cpp.2901


Psychotherapy as Treatment for SPD

Dong, F., Liu, J., Hodgson, N. A., & Medoff, C. B. (2021). Early life factors of schizotypal personality disorder in adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 28(6), 1092–1112. https://doi-org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/jpm.12733


Genetic and familial factors of SPD

Lysaker, P. H., & Wiesepape, C. N. (2023). Understanding the phenomenology of schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder: An application of the integrative model of metacognition. In A dimensional approach to schizotypy: Conceptualization and treatment. (pp. 111–123). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi-org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41788-7_8

Metacognition of SPD

Francois Z, Torrico TJ. Schizotypal Personality Disorder. [Updated 2024 May 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder According to the National Library of Medicine

 Co-occurrence of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders: A scoping review. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 78(1), 1–13. https://doi-org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/08039488.2023.2254299

Comorbidity of SPD

Goryunov, A. V., & Kaleda, V. G. (2023). Assessment of the initial period of schizotypal disorder in childhood. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 53(2), 155–163. https://doi-org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s11055-023-01402-y

Childhood experiences in regards to SPD

Gundersen, K. B., Polari, A., Glenthøj, L. B., Albert, N., McGorry, P. D., Rasmussen, A. R., & Nelson, B. (2023). Clinical staging of schizotypal disorder: Preliminary considerations and treatment implications. In A dimensional approach to schizotypy: Conceptualization and treatment. (pp. 315–330). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi-org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41788-7_20

Preliminary Contributing Factors of SPD

Lysaker, P. H., & Wiesepape, C. N. (2023). Understanding the phenomenology of schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder: An application of the integrative model of metacognition. In A dimensional approach to schizotypy: Conceptualization and treatment. (pp. 111–123). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi-org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41788-7_8


Understanding the phenomenology of SPD

Behind every great claim is the research to back it up

Scripps College

A personality disorder characterized by: 
- Various oddities of thought, perception, speech, and behavior that are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of schizophrenia

Symptoms may include:
- Perceptual distortions
- Magical thinking
- Social isolation 
- Vague speech without incoherence
- Inadequate rapport with others due to aloofness or lack of feeling
- Symptoms not because of schizophrenia, other psychotic disorder, or ASD

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Psychotherapy has been found to be beneficial treatments:
- Cognitive-behavioral Therapy
- Supportive Therapy
- Family Therapy

Medications have not been found, but patients may find antidepressants useful.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Treatments

Szeszko, P. R., Kowalchyk, M., Chu, K.-W., Aladin, S., Dolgopolskaia, E.-S., Ng, S., Hollander, S., Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., McClure, M. M., Kahn, R. S., Chan, C. C., Haznedar, M. M., Goldstein, K. E., Fleysher, L., & Hazlett, E. A. (2025). Investigation of brain white matter and social cognition in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging. Molecular Psychiatry, 30(10), 4792–4800. https://doi-org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03074-1


Neuroscience of Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Within the realm of psychology, etiology, or rather the study of necessary and sufficient causes, is important in understanding the intricacies of certain disorders

Etiology of Schizotypal Personality Disorder

References

While there are many factors attributing to the onset of SPD, one that is particularly referenced is the idea that Schizotypal Personality Disorder should be classified under the schizophrenia Spectrum of disorders. Originally, the concept of SPD emerged from observations of personality characteristics common in relatives of schizophrenic patients. Building off of this idea, researchers have called attention to modifiable ELF for SPD and inform readers of possible future interventions to reduce developmental risks, such as parent‐training or environmental enrichment programs


From various research, psychologists have found that potential treatment options are:
1) Psychopharmacological treatment options for schizophrenia spectrum disorders include antipsychotic drugs such as Thorazine, Chlorpromazine, Clozaril, Risperdal, and Abilify.
2) Psychological treatment options for schizophrenia spectrum disorders include CBT, the goal of which is to improve the interpretations and understandings of symptoms (and experiences) which will reduce associated distress.
3) Family interventions for schizophrenia spectrum disorders include psychoeducation, problem￾solving skills, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), social skills training, and inpatient/partial hospitalizations.


Treatment for SPD 

Criterion A: 2+ in the following areas:
1) Identity: Confused boundaries between self and others; distorted self-concept; emotional expression often not congruent with context 
2) Self-direction: Unrealistic or incoherent goals; no clear set of internal standards.
3) Empathy: Difficulty understanding the impact of own behaviors on others; frequent misinterpretations of others' motivations and behaviors.
4) Intimacy: Marked impairments in developing close relationships associated with mistrust and anxiety.

Criterion B: 4+ of the following traits
1) Cognitive and perceptual dysregulation: Odd thought processes; vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped thought or speech; odd sensations in various sensory modalities.
2) Unusual beliefs and experiences: Thought about reality that are viewed as bizarre or idiosyncratic; unusual experiences of reality.
3) Eccentricity: Odd behavior or appearance; saying unusual or inappropriate things.
Restricted affectivity: Little reaction to emotionally arousing situations; constricted emotional experience and expression; indifference or coldness.
4) Withdrawal: Preference for being alone; reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact.
5) Suspiciousness: Expectations of, and heightened sensitivity to, signs of interpersonal ill-intent or harm; doubts about loyalty and fidelity of others; feelings of persecution.

Criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Based on the available research, schizotypal personality disorder occurs concurrently with other psychological disorders 

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