- PSU was significant and had a:
   - Positive relationship with academic procrastination and academic anxiety.
   - Negative relationship with self-regulation and life satisfaction.
- Academic procrastination was significant and had a:
   - Positive relationship with academic anxiety.
   - Negative relationship with self-regulation and life satisfaction.
- Self-regulation was significant and had a:
   - Positive relationship with life satisfaction.
   - Negative relationship with academic anxiety.
- No significant correlation between academic anxiety and life satisfaction.

Rutgers University

- Among Chinese university students, they have higher reports of PSU. Higher PSU predicts higher levels of academic anxiety and procrastination. The high reports of young Chinese smartphone users are likely due to cultural differences.
   - The level of control and restriction in China may be higher when compared to other places (stricter school management before entering college). Once entering college, the students do not know how to manage their control over smartphone use.
   - Anything that disrupts education or family bonds is disapproved, so using technology or smartphones for non-educational purposes is criticized. This could be why smartphones in China are viewed as an “addiction.”
- Chinese undergraduates may benefit from learning time management skills, especially for smartphone use.

Problematic Smartphone Use Among Chinese University Students

Yang, Z., Asbury, K. & Griffiths, M.D. An Exploration of Problematic Smartphone Use among Chinese University Students: Associations with Academic Anxiety, Academic Procrastination, Self-Regulation and Subjective Wellbeing. Int J Ment Health Addiction 17, 596–614 (2019).

An Exploration of Problematic Smartphone Use Among Chinese University Students: Associations with Academic Anxiety, Academic Procrastination, Self-Regulation and Subjective Wellbeing

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