- When the wine label contained non-probative photos of the unfamiliar noun (i.e. "quill") in the wine name, participants were biased to believe positive claims made about wines, even after having tasted the wine.
- Therefore, even after having been presented with additional sensory information, the presence of non-probative photos still biased participants.

Johns Hopkins University

Cardwell, Newman, Garry, Mantonakis, & Beckett (2017) conducted a product evaluation task in participants were given the opportunity to taste wines that either did or did not contain a non-probative photo on the wine label. The effect of positive claims regarding the wines (i.e. "This wine was rated high quality") was examined.

Evidence for the Truthiness Effect: The Product Evaluation Task Experiment

Newman, E. J., & Zhang, L. (2020). Truthiness: How non-probative photos shape belief. In R. Greifeneder, M. Jaffé, E. J. Newman, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), The psychology of fake news: Accepting, sharing, and correcting misinformation (pp. 90–114). London: Routledge. 

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