- participants adopted a mean of 8.01 behavioral changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
- 2.14 of the changes were preventive measures
- 5.87 of the changes were avoidant measures
- only 29 participants reported no change at all

Overview of COVID-19 behavior changes

Regression models based on survey

- Overview of COVID-19 behavior changes
- Regression models based on survey results

Northwestern University

- Types of health-protective measures: key definitions
- Survey Participant Demographics
- Predictor and Outcome Variables used in Study
- Results: Summary of Behavioral Changes

Behavioral Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Survey in Singapore

- individual level health behaviors can be classified into two types: preventative and avoidant
- preventative behaviors: measures that serve to prevent transmission
- avoidant behaviors: measures that decrease contact with other individuals 

Types of health-protective measures: key definitions

- Predictor Variables (reported by participants): gender, ethnicity, religion, country of birth, marital status, education, house type, household size
- Outcome Variables (indicated by participants via yes/no answers): whether they:
1. washed hands more frequently (preventative)
2. used hand sanitizers more (preventative)
3. wore masks (preventative)
4. avoided crowded areas
5. voluntarily changed travel plans
6. missed/postponed social events
7. avoided visiting hospitals and/or healthcare settings
8. chose outdoor over indoor venues
9. distanced from people with recent travel to outbreak countries
10. distanced from people with possible contact with COVID-19 cases
11. avoided places where COVID-19 cases were reported
12. stored up more household or food supplied
13. relied more on online shopping
14. reduced physical contact
15. stayed home more than usual
16. distanced from people with flu symptoms
17. avoided public transport

Predictor and Outcome Variables used in Study

1145 survey participants, all were 21 years or older and had lived in Singapore for at least 2 years.

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