Rockland State Hospital, in Orangeburg, New York. was infamous for neglect of patients. This neglect was only computed when in the 1940s nd 1950s the overcrowding of patients at Rockland lead to an increased use of tranquilizers but institutional staff and lead to numerous patients dying from being administered lethal amounts of tranquilizers. Additionally accusations of rape, and malnourishment were levied against the institution and institutional staff by patients,

University of Wisconsin - Madison

In the 1960s Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline  posed cyborgs as a way of imagining human flourishing in space. Kline and Clynes posited that implanting humans with osmotic pumps that would allow the continuous injection of chemicals would allow for the administration of medication to astronauts to prevent illness during space travel. One of the illnesses that were planed on being prevented was the belief at the time that space travel could lead to astronauts experiencing psychotic episodes. It is believed that Clynes and Kline performed trials on this pump, and the anti-psychotic drugs that would be used in it, on the patients at Rockland State Hospital in New York where Clynes and Kline worked as researchers.

History of Cyborgs and Coercive Pharmaceuticals

Kafer, Alison. (2013). Feminist, Queer, Crip. Indiana University Press. 978-0-253-00934-0. 

Feminist, Queer, Crip

Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline were both researchers at Rockland State Hospital in Orangeburg, New York where Kline founded a psychiatric research center in 1952. Kline focused his research career on drug research and clinical trials. Clynes was hired in 1955 to work at the Dynamic Simulation Laboratory in Rockford. Clyne would later leave Rockford, and Kline worked there until his death in 1982. Kline was known for his work on tranquilizers and anti-depressants and in 1974 published the book "From Sad to Glad" which in later reprints included the tagline "depression: you can conquer it without analysis." Clynes and Kline co-authored "Cyborgs and Space" in the 1960 issue of Astronatuics after the two researchers had been invited by NASA to address medical problems around human space travel. This paper by Clynes and Kline is also thought to have coined the term cyborg.

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