The sampling rate is the number of samples taken per second. To ensure the accuracy of measurement, at least two samples in each cycle are required:
one measuring the positive part of the wave and one measuring the negative part.

Sampling Rate

The first step of analog-to-digital conversion. A signal is sampled by measuring its amplitude at a particular time.

Hamilton College

The conversion from the analog representations (first air pressure and then analog electric signals in a microphone) into a digital signal.

Analog-to-digital Conversion

An on-going but a helpful book resource about NLP
https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/

Speech and Language Processing (3rd ed. draft) 

Sampling

Quantization is the process of representing real-valued numbers as integers. Amplitude measurements are stored as integers, either 8 bit (values from -128– 127) or 16 bit (values from -32768–32767). We refer to each sample at time index n in the digitized, quantized waveform as x[n].


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