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Originating around 370 BCE, Hippocrates' theory proposed that personality traits and behaviors are determined by four distinct temperaments. Each temperament is linked to a specific bodily fluid, or 'humor': the choleric temperament to yellow bile from the liver, the melancholic to black bile from the kidneys, the sanguine to red blood from the heart, and the phlegmatic to white phlegm from the lungs.

Hippocrates' Theory of Four Temperaments

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

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