Most people know about psychosurgery through the lobotomy which was practiced in the United States from 1936 to the mid 1950s. The lobotomy fell out of use due to botched procedures, concern from the public, and the advent of psychiatric pharmacology. 
However, psychosurgery continued to be used in research and experimental settings and had a resurgence in the late 1960s through early 1970s due to a proposal that the brain housed "violent impulses" and that these impulses could be removed from people through surgery.

History of Psychosurgery in the United States 

- Articles Putting Pressure on Vacaville
- David Hilliard Autobiography
- "Tearing Out Our Thoughts: Psychosurgery and the Black Community"
- California State Senate Hearings
- Stories Run Concurrently with 504 Sit-In

Black Panther Party Fight Against Return of Psychosurgery

Psychosurgery as used by Schalk is an umbrella term referring to surgical procedures performed on the brain with the ideal outcome of having therapeutic mental or behavioral effects. 

University of Wisconsin - Madison

Schalk uses the term psychiatric abuse as an umbrella term for the violence practices within the psychiatric industrial complex. This includes but is not limited to forced pharmaceutical treatment, psychosurgery, use of electroshock therapy, prolonged restraint or confinement, coercion, unpaid labor, and denial of access to food or human contact. Psychiatric abuse is more likely to be targeted at marginalized peoples especially those with diagnosed or assumed mental disabilities.

Schalk's Definition of Psychiatric Abuse

Schalk, Sami. Black Disability Politics, New York, USA: Duke University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478027003

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