-NCLB Act several major effects on American education. There is greater focus on alignment of curriculum and instruction as well directed attention on achievement gaps between different groups of students.
- Evidence of positive relations between sports participation and academic achievement suggesting sports teams may promote Positive Youth Development. 

Self Efficacy on Sport and Academic Achievement Introduction 

-Within the past century sports popularity has grown in size.
- There is evidence that sports provide both challenge and motivation which relates to one source of self-efficacy which is "mastery experiences" (Bandura 1997).


Self Efficacy on Sport and Academic Achievement Background Literature 

Question 1: Are there significant differences in GPA between athletes and non-athletes? 

Question 2: Is academic self- efficacy related to sports participation and academic achievement? 

Question 3: Does self- efficacy partially mediate the relations between sports participation and Academic Achievement? 

Question 4: For athletes, is athletic self- efficacy related to academic self-efficacy? 

Self Efficacy on Sport and Academic Achievement Research Questions 

111 students were taken from two high schools in Tucson, Arizona. The first school being a private college preparatory and the second being a public high school. There was no significant difference based on demographic measures but there was a significant difference based on physical activity. 




Methods 

The results of the study were found to support the first three hypotheses. For research question 1 : Athletes had higher GPA than nonathletes. Results found through a t test t(106)=2.75, p.01, d=.70) indicating a significant difference. For research question 2:Athletes had significantly higher levels of academic self-efficacy than non-athletes and significant correlation was found between scores on the academic self-efficacy measure and students’ current GPAs. Results for research question 3 results did not indicate a significant direct effect of sports participation on GPA however results indicated that an indirect relationship existed between sports participation and academic achievement through the influence of academic self-efficacy. Self efficacy partially mediates the relationship between sports participation and academic achievement. Lastly, for question 4 Pearson correlation showed that where was no significant relation. 



Results 

The first hypotheses results showed a medium effect size with athletes having nearly a half a point higher average GPA. Possible explanations include superior time management skills, structured programs that may have contributed to self- efficacy development or previous higher academic abilities that allows the time to spend away from their studies. By finding a positive relation between academic self-efficacy scores and GPA and by finding an indirect effect of sports participation on GPA through academic self-efficacy, this study extended the existing body of research suggesting that self-efficacy beliefs are positively predictors of students’ academic success.The positive relation between academic se in this study suggests that participants had an accurate awareness of their abilities to perform in the school setting The fact that data collected at the end of participants’ school year for one group of students and that majority of students were at least in their second year of HS is evidence for the reciprocal nature of self-efficacy beliefs and the individual’s environment. Results only PARTIALLY supported the idea that self-efficacy can transfer between the athletic and academic domains—this is because the present study’s results did not support the fourth hypothesis: no significant relation between academic self-efficacy and athletic self-efficacy scores were found. This could be due to lack of specificity inherent in self efficacy measures in the study . It is also possible students who participated In sports may have had higher levels of self-efficacy to begin.


Discussion 

The findings of the  present study were consistent with previous research documenting a positive relationship between sports participation and academic achievement and a link between academic success and self efficacy. Additionally, the present study found evidence for an indirect relationship between sports participation and GPA through the mediating variable of self efficacy with limitation however. 

Conclusions 

-this study sought to examine the relations between sports participation, academic achievement, and self efficacy in high school students.

Syracuse University

Michigan State University

Proposed by Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their own ability to successfully complete a specific task. This belief, which can be influenced by past successes in similar tasks, is considered a key factor in determining a person's motivation, emotional state, and subsequent behavior.

Self-Efficacy

A science that combines kinesiology, physiology, and psychology to research how mental and physical processes affect athletic performance and vice versa

Sport(s) Psychology

Cole,A. (2014).Sports Participation and Academic Achievement: Does Self- Efficacy Play a Role? The University Of Arizona University Libraries 

Self Efficacy Influence on Sport and Academic Achievement

When helping individuals overcome an addiction, it is important for the counselor to help the client develop a greater sense of self-efficacy, so they believe they can move past the addiction and resist the temptation to relapse.

Self-Efficacy in Addictions Counseling

The degree of confidence individuals have in their capacity to be creative. It also acts as a mediating factor between Creative ideation and Active procrastination

Creative Self-efficacy

Participants are given 10 items where each item is rated on a four‐point Likert scale (1 = not at all true–4 = exactly true). A higher score indicates higher self-efficacy. 

General Self‐Efficacy Scale (GSES)

In this article, researchers are shown to have paid attention to how students' thoughts and beliefs play a role in the learning process. 
- This article shows the "empirical literature" that shows how students' self efficacy affects education by the addressing the research question: which are the factors shown to affect the self-efficacy of students within higher education settings? 
- The results show that there is a way to enhance self efficacy based on social cognitive theory and several factors influenced self efficacy as well. 

Abstract of Factors of affecting students' self-efficacy in higher education 

Van Dinther, Mart, Filip Dochy, and Mien Segers. "Factors affecting students’ self-efficacy in higher education." Educational research review 6.2 (2011): 95-108.

A person’s belief about their own skills and capabilities regarding civic participation, being a responsible citizen, and influencing change.

Civic Efficacy

A sense of self-efficacy is an important part of quit attempts for smokers because it allows them to feel like they are capable of quitting.  However, there is concern that failed quit attempts through smoking cessation programs may cause a decrease in self-efficacy, which could cause harm by preventing further quit attempts.  

Self-Efficacy/Motivation and Smoking Cessation Programs

According to Albert Bandura's theory, self-efficacy is a crucial driver of motivation. This connection stems from an individual's expectations about the outcomes of their actions. A strong belief in one's own capabilities determines the goals they set and their commitment to achieving them. Consequently, individuals with high self-efficacy are more inclined to undertake difficult tasks and persist through setbacks, as they are confident in their ability to succeed.

Self-Efficacy and Motivation

An engineering student feels a general sense of pride and worth as a person. However, when faced with a complex programming assignment, they feel anxious and doubt their ability to write the code successfully. Which of the following statements best analyzes this student's psychological state?

Individuals with high self-efficacy are confident that their goals are attainable. They perceive challenges as opportunities for mastery, become deeply engaged and committed to their activities, and demonstrate resilience by recovering quickly from failures.

Characteristics of High Self-Efficacy

Individuals with low self-efficacy often avoid challenging tasks because they doubt their ability to succeed. They tend to concentrate on failure and negative outcomes, and their confidence in their own abilities diminishes when they encounter setbacks.

Characteristics of Low Self-Efficacy

An individual's level of self-efficacy is not a fixed, global trait but can vary depending on the specific situation or task. A person can feel highly confident in one area while feeling insecure in another.

Situational Nature of Self-Efficacy

While both are cognitive factors in personality, locus of control and self-efficacy are distinct concepts. Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their own *ability* to succeed in specific tasks. In contrast, locus of control refers to one's belief about the *power* they have over the outcomes in their life in general.

Comparison of Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy

Athletes who perform in team sports perceived their relationship with their coach to be less close, less committed, and less complementary than athletes who participate in individual sports.

Coach-Athlete Relationship in Team Sports

Athletes who perform in individual sports perceive their relationship with their coach to be closer, more committed, and more complementary than that of athletes who participate in team sports.

Coach-Athlete Relationship in Individual Sports


To seek advice, information, or behavioral therapy from a sport(s) psychologist on how to improve one's athletic performance via sports psychology.

Sport(s) Psychology Consulting

Recent research  uses imagery (i.e. "maps") to describe and define sport(s) psychology as a field

Mapping Sports Psychology

 What promotes excellence in performance? A researcher studying how sports psychology and positive psychology intersect brought forth this pictural in attempt to answer that question.

 Promoting excellence in performance

A state of confidence, absorption, perceptions of control, enhanced motivation, enjoyment, and altered sensory perceptions free of critical thoughts. Actions committed in flow state feel effortless.

Flow State

A state of confidence, absorption, perceptions of control, enhanced motivation, enjoyment, and altered sensory perceptions accompanied by intense critical thoughts.  In clutch state, some report feeling anxiety, effortful concentration, and heightened awareness of the situation's direness.

Clutch State

Athletic performance at the optimum level of an individual's physical abilities, mental capabilities or both. The ultimate purpose of sports psychology is to allow athletes to achieve this.


Peak Performance

A science that handles sports-related of neurological injuries and conditions in athletes.

Sport(s) Neurology

a review of 17 studies found the prevalence of ADHD in athletes age 15-19 was between 4.2% and 8.1% 

Prevalence of ADHD in Teen Athletes

Biological, physical, psychological sociological factors, and stress (causes increased muscle tension and can impair coordination) can increase injury risk and impair recovery

Factors That Increase Risk of Injury in Athletes

Mental exhaustion influenced by athletic performance and/or pressures. Symptoms can include, but aren't limited to; mental block, lack of motivation, irritability, problematic eating habits, and insomnia.

Sports Psychological Fatigue

Treatment and Management Methods Used in Sports Psychology

Approximately 17.3% of elite athletes experience moderate to severe body image concerns.

Body Image Concern and Eating Disorder Symptoms Among Elite Athletes

Athletic performance factors like endurance, strength, power, flexibility, neuromuscular coordination, psychological qualities, and other crucial aspects of sport, are greatly influenced by genetic components.

Genetic markers can be sorted into the following groups:
- Markers associated with skeletal muscle structure and function
- Markers involved in the inflammatory and repair reactions in skeletal muscle during and after exercise
- Markers involved in blood pressure control
- Markers involved in modulation of oxygen uptake 
- Markers that are regulators of energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis
- Markers encoding factors that control gene expression by rearrangement of chromatin fibers and mRNA stability
- Markers modulating cellular signaling pathways


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