Hyde, T. S., & Jenkins, J. J. (1973). Recall for words as a function of semantic, graphic, and syntactic orienting tasks. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12(5), 471-480. 

Hyde & Jenkins (1973)

Cognitive processing that uses only surface-level physical, visual, or auditory features for information processing and is not as effective for memory as deep processing.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

How much attention to meaning is present when processing information. Distinguishes between:
- Shallow processing
- Deep processing

Depth of processing

Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684. doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x

Levels of processing: A framework for memory research 

Shallow Processing

A type of cognitive processing that focuses on the meaningful properties of a stimulus rather than its perceptual characteristics.  Often incorporates focusing intensely and making connections.

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