Research on the effects of interventions on disadvantaged children has concluded: 
- Programs can produce immediate boosts in IQ which can be up to 8 points
- Smaller socio-emotional boosts include improved self-esteem, social behavior, and academic motivation
- Grade retention 
- Special education placement 

Arizona State University

- Higher quality care is associated with better cognitive and social development for children in their first few years of school
- Influences math and reading scores of children 
- Children from disadvantaged families experienced greater effects on reading scores
- Effects were negative for children from high income families 

Short Term Effects of ECCE


  W. Steven Barnett. (1995). Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Cognitive and School Outcomes. The Future of Children, 5(3), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602366


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